Table A4-Publications with information on other uses of yellow starthistle.
Table A3-Publications from 1999 to 2020 providing information on yellow starthistle response to fire.Table A2-Ecosystems, Associations, Cover Types, and BLM Regions where yellow starthistle likely occurs.Table A1-Common and scientific names of plant species mentioned in this review.Preventing Postfire Establishment and Spread.BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.No matter what method is used to kill yellow starthistle plants, establishment or maintenance of desirable plants is needed for long-term control. In addition to fire, physical and mechanical control, livestock grazing, biological control, and/or chemical control methods may be used in an integrated management program to control yellow starthistle. However, if burned again before yellow starthistle plants set seed, abundance may decrease. After fire, yellow starthistle abundance may increase because postfire conditions are favorable for germination, seedling establishment, plant growth, and seed production. Fires are usually not severe enough to kill yellow starthistle seeds in the soil seed bank, and yellow starthistle can reestablish from surviving seeds. Consumption is not necessary to kill the plants, although sufficient heat is required to scorch the foliage, stem-girdle, and kill them. Fire usually consumes or kills yellow starthistle plants, although plants occasionally sprout after low-severity fire. Most information about yellow starthistle's response to fire comes from field studies in California annual grasslands that used prescribed fire to control invasive populations. Once established, yellow starthistle can form monotypic stands on some sites. However, seeds can germinate under a wide range of conditions and over an extended period.
Yellow starthistle seeds germinate and seedlings establish best on moist, disturbed soils. Some seeds may remain viable in the soil for up to 10 years. Yellow starthistle has a large, transient soil seed bank and a small, short- to long-term persistent soil seed bank. Seeds are also spread by animals, water, and vehicles. Seeds are typically dispersed short distances by gravity and wind. Yellow starthistle plants can produce hundreds or thousands of seeds. In some areas, plants may flower year-round.
In California, plants begin to produce buds and flowers at the onset of the summer dry period (typically June), and flowering continues until plants senesce from lack of water (typically by mid- to late summer) or are killed by freezing temperatures. Plants bolt then flower, typically between May and December, depending on location. Seedlings develop into rosettes with a taproot. In California, yellow starthistle seeds germinate from October to June, which corresponds to the typical rainy season, but emergence tends to be highest after rain in fall and early winter. Germination timing depends primarily on the amount and timing of rain. It is typically an annual, but sometimes behaves as a biennial. Yellow starthistle reproduces primarily by seed and may sprout from the root crown after top-kill. It is especially invasive after disturbance, so limiting disturbance may help prevent yellow starthistle invasion. It is most invasive in annual and perennial grasslands, shrub steppes, oak savannas, open woodlands, and openings in forests. It can occur in dense monocultures that displace native plants decrease native plant and animal diversity reduce native wildlife habitat and forage and alter water cycles, soil microbial community composition, and soil nutrient availability. Yellow starthistle is a nonnative, invasive forb in parts of the western United States. SUMMARY This review summarizes information that was available in the scientific literature as of 2020 on the biology, ecology, and effects of fire and control methods on yellow starthistle in North America. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Centaurea solstitialis, yellow starthistle. Photo by Eugene Zelenko and courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.Ĭitation: Innes, Robin J. Figure 1-Flowering yellow starthistle in San Jose, California.
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